Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) primarily manifests in two forms: wet AMD and dry AMD. Either form can affect one or both eyes, and a patient initially diagnosed with dry AMD can subsequently develop wet AMD.
**Wet AMD:** This type is characterized by the abnormal growth of blood vessels behind the retina, typically occurring when the membrane beneath the retina breaks down, disrupting oxygen supply to the macula. These new blood vessels are fragile and prone to rupture, leaking blood and fluids. This leakage distorts the macula’s position and leads to scarring, resulting in a sudden loss of central vision. Early symptoms include distorted vision, where straight lines may appear wavy. Wet AMD is the more severe form, requiring immediate medical attention. Although it accounts for only 10% of AMD cases, it causes the most significant damage and can lead to blindness. Early detection allows for laser treatment to effectively stop the leakage from these blood vessels.
**Dry AMD:** Dry AMD results from the breakdown of light-sensitive cells within the macula, leading to a gradual blurring of central vision. It’s the more common type of AMD, also known as atrophic AMD because it’s caused by the death of cells in the macula. Symptoms include slightly blurred vision, difficulty recognizing faces, and challenges performing tasks like reading in normal light, often requiring more illumination. A key early sign is the presence of yellow deposits called drusen beneath the retina, detectable during an eye exam. An increase in the size and number of drusen exacerbates dry AMD. Thinning of the macula is another symptom.
In its early stages, dry AMD may go unnoticed, detectable only through a comprehensive eye examination. Many people become aware of it later, when they require increased light for everyday activities such as reading. Some may also notice a blurred spot in the center of their vision. Seeking professional advice at this stage is crucial.
In advanced stages, vision deteriorates significantly, with only peripheral vision remaining clear. This is largely due to the increased size and quantity of drusen. Patients also experience a loss of color perception and find it increasingly difficult to recognize faces. A significant challenge with dry AMD is that it often affects one eye initially, and the problem may go unnoticed because the other eye compensates. Many individuals realize the problem only when both eyes are affected.
Being proactive about eye protection is essential. During ophthalmologist appointments, clarify any concerns you may have. Abundant information on eye diseases is accessible online. Discussing your condition with friends and relatives can also provide valuable insights and support.