Early maps weren’t driven by economics but by religious purpose, often displaying icons reminiscent of the Book of Kells. The 12th-century T and O maps depicted the world as a circle divided by a T-shaped cross, with Jerusalem at its center. The circular shape symbolized divine perfection rather than scientific understanding of the Earth’s roundness, and the T and O structure represented the world unfolding according to God’s will.
While the T and O map served religious veneration, it wasn’t suitable for travel. By the 15th century, these maps incorporated real people and continents, yet their primary function remained religious. Manuscripts began to focus on the secular world, incorporating features of modern maps, such as rivers with names and geographical locations, albeit alongside religious icons, marking a transition in 15th-century cartography.
Travelers provided additional information for these maps. European maps became more accurate, largely due to Marco Polo’s explorations. Ptolemy, a 2nd-century geographer and astronomer, created an early map for navigation, considered the most accurate before Columbus. However, like other manuscript maps, Ptolemy’s aimed to reproduce classical texts rather than serve practical navigation.
The Spanish influence on cartography extended to the Dutch. After gaining independence from Spain, the Dutch developed their cartography, compiling information from Holland and printing their first map in 1570.
The 1570 map spurred exploration and transformed Europe. Belief in mythological figures like Atlas faded as maps dispelled the mystical fear of the unknown. Today’s maps benefit travelers by ensuring safe arrival and return. Furthermore, they facilitate global trade and economic exchange between nations.