Acne, a persistent skin condition, has complex origins. While heredity plays a role, the precise reasons for its selective impact remain unclear. Our understanding of the underlying biology, however, is continually expanding.
The primary factor in acne development is often excessive sebum production. Sebum, an oily substance, naturally lubricates and protects the skin and hair. However, overproduction can clog skin pores, creating an environment conducive to bacterial proliferation. As bacteria multiply, the affected area becomes inflamed, leading to the formation of pimples.
The Role of Hormones
Testosterone, a hormone present in both males and females, stimulates sebum production. During puberty, hormonal shifts can amplify the body’s response to testosterone, resulting in increased sebum secretion. This heightened reactivity, particularly common during adolescence, can cause oily skin, especially on the face and upper body. Excess sebum then mixes with dead skin cells, obstructing hair follicles.
Typically, the body’s hormonal regulation stabilizes by the early twenties, often leading to a reduction in acne.
Hair Follicle Dynamics
Emerging research suggests that constricted hair follicles contribute to acne. Several factors can cause follicle narrowing, including excessive shedding of cells within the follicle, abnormal cell binding, and water retention leading to skin swelling.
Restricted hair follicles hinder the natural expulsion of dead cells, causing buildup beneath the skin. This accumulation, combined with sebum, provides ideal conditions for acne development.
Exacerbating Factors
Squeezing pimples can worsen acne by spreading bacteria to surrounding skin, potentially causing scarring. Frequent face-touching also transfers oils and bacteria from hands, exacerbating symptoms. Cleanliness of objects that contact the face, such as eyeglasses and phones, is crucial.
Hair, particularly long hair, can also contribute to acne. Regular hair washing is important to maintain cleanliness. Limiting the use of fabric accessories like hats and headbands is advisable.
Additional Considerations
Diet, skin irritation, stress, hormonal fluctuations (e.g., menstrual cycles), and certain medications can influence acne.
Studies suggest a link between skim milk consumption and acne. However, there’s no conclusive evidence that chocolate or fast food directly cause or worsen acne.
Medications associated with acne include anabolic steroids, lithium, barbiturates, halogens, and androgens. Consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment options.